Neuroflow

References

Evidence library

Every important factual claim on this platform is traceable to a peer-reviewed, PubMed-indexed source. Citations are never fabricated, and the library grows as each module's study material is written.

61 citations · 19 categories

  1. Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):896-908.

    LANDMARK RCTsPARKINSON DISEASESTN

  2. Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(1):63-73.

    LANDMARK RCTsPARKINSON DISEASE

  3. Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(22):2077-2091.

    LANDMARK RCTsSTNGPiPARKINSON DISEASE

  4. Odekerken VJJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, et al. Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(1):37-44.

    LANDMARK RCTsSTNGPiPARKINSON DISEASE

  5. Schuepbach WMM, Rau J, Knudsen K, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson's disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(7):610-622.

    LANDMARK RCTsPARKINSON DISEASESTN

  6. Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(5):459-467.

    LANDMARK RCTsDYSTONIAGPi

  7. Kupsch A, Benecke R, Müller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(19):1978-1990.

    LANDMARK RCTsDYSTONIAGPi

  8. Little S, Pogosyan A, Neal S, et al. Adaptive deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(3):449-457.

    ADAPTIVE DBSSENSINGPARKINSON DISEASE

  9. Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gervason C, et al. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. Lancet. 1991;337(8738):403-406.

    FOUNDATIONAL DBSTREMORVIM

  10. Limousin P, Krack P, Pollak P, et al. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(16):1105-1111.

    FOUNDATIONAL DBSPARKINSON DISEASESTN

  11. McIntyre CC, Savasta M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Vitek JL. Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(6):1239-1248.

    FOUNDATIONAL DBS

  12. Herrington TM, Cheng JJ, Eskandar EN. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 2016;115(1):19-38.

    FOUNDATIONAL DBS

  13. Chiken S, Nambu A. Mechanism of deep brain stimulation: inhibition, excitation, or disruption? Neuroscientist. 2016;22(3):313-322.

    FOUNDATIONAL DBS

  14. Defer GL, Widner H, Marié RM, Rémy P, Levivier M. Core Assessment Program for Surgical Interventional Therapies in Parkinson's Disease (CAPSIT-PD). Mov Disord. 1999;14(4):572-584.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSPARKINSON DISEASE

  15. Lang AE, Houeto JL, Krack P, et al. Deep brain stimulation: preoperative issues. Mov Disord. 2006;21(Suppl 14):S171-S196.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSPARKINSON DISEASE

  16. Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(2):165-171.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSPARKINSON DISEASE

  17. Okun MS. Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1529-1538.

    FOUNDATIONAL DBSPARKINSON DISEASE

  18. Ramirez-Zamora A, Ostrem JL. Globus pallidus interna or subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):367-372.

    STNGPiPARKINSON DISEASE

  19. Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA, Lang AE, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 10):2240-2249.

    PARKINSON DISEASESTNGPi

  20. Flora ED, Perera CL, Cameron AL, Maddern GJ. Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2010;25(11):1550-1559.

    META-ANALYSESTREMORVIM

  21. Güttler C, Achtzehn J, Blomstedt P, et al. Toward a standard preoperative MRI protocol for functional neurosurgery. Imaging Neurosci (Camb). 2025;3.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  22. D'Alessandris QG, Pambianco F, Martinelli R, et al. Usefulness of 3T MR in surgical planning for deep brain stimulation surgery: a systematic literature review. Neurosurg Rev. 2025;48(1):415.

    META-ANALYSESSTNGPiVIMSource

  23. Andrade-Souza YM, Schwalb JM, Hamani C, et al. Comparison of three methods of targeting the subthalamic nucleus for chronic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(2 Suppl):360-368.

    STNPARKINSON DISEASESource

  24. Lahtinen MJ, Haapaniemi TH, Kauppinen MT, Salokorpi N, Heikkinen ER, Katisko JP. A comparison of indirect and direct targeted STN DBS in the treatment of Parkinson's disease—surgical method and clinical outcome over 15-year timespan. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(5):1067-1076.

    STNPARKINSON DISEASESource

  25. Haynes WI, Haber SN. The organization of prefrontal-subthalamic inputs in primates provides an anatomical substrate for both functional specificity and integration. J Neurosci. 2013;33(11):4804-4814.

    STNCONNECTOMICSSource

  26. Lambert C, Zrinzo L, Nagy Z, et al. Confirmation of functional zones within the human subthalamic nucleus: patterns of connectivity and sub-parcellation using diffusion weighted imaging. Neuroimage. 2012;60(1):83-94.

    STNTRACTOGRAPHYCONNECTOMICSSource

  27. Starr PA, Turner RS, Rau G, et al. Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2006;104(4):488-501.

    GPiDYSTONIASource

  28. Parras O, Domínguez P, Tomás-Biosca A, Guridi J. The role of tractography in the localization of the Vim nucleus of the thalamus and the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract for the treatment of tremor. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2022;37(8):691-699.

    VIMPSA / DRTTTRACTOGRAPHYTREMORSource

  29. Dembek TA, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Reker P, et al. PSA and VIM DBS efficiency in essential tremor depends on distance to the dentatorubrothalamic tract. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;26:102235.

    VIMPSA / DRTTTRACTOGRAPHYTREMORSource

  30. Lehman VT, Lee KH, Klassen BT, et al. MRI and tractography techniques to localize the ventral intermediate nucleus and dentatorubrothalamic tract for deep brain stimulation and MR-guided focused ultrasound: a narrative review and update. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;49(1):E8.

    VIMPSA / DRTTTRACTOGRAPHYTREMORSource

  31. Calabrese E. Diffusion tractography in deep brain stimulation surgery: a review. Front Neuroanat. 2016;10:45.

    TRACTOGRAPHYCONNECTOMICSSource

  32. Geevarghese R, O'Gorman Tuura R, Lumsden DE, et al. Registration accuracy of CT/MRI fusion for localisation of deep brain stimulation electrode position: an imaging study and systematic review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2016;94(3):159-163.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  33. Wang X, Li N, Li J, et al. Optimized deep brain stimulation surgery to avoid vascular damage: a single-center retrospective analysis of path planning for various deep targets by MRI image fusion. Brain Sci. 2022;12(8):967.

    COMPLICATIONSGUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  34. Bériault S, Al Subaie F, Collins DL, Sadikot AF, Pike GB. A multi-modal approach to computer-assisted deep brain stimulation trajectory planning. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2012;7(5):687-704.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  35. Wang X, Tian L. Asleep versus awake deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2025;272(8):525.

    META-ANALYSESPARKINSON DISEASESource

  36. Li L, Rae AI, Burchiel KJ. A meta-analysis of medication reduction and motor outcomes after awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurosurgery. 2025;96(3):481-493.

    META-ANALYSESPARKINSON DISEASESource

  37. Hines K, Sharan I, Schaefer J, et al. Microelectrode recording during deep brain stimulation does not consistently represent lead trajectory. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2025;28(1):38-42.

    STNGUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  38. Blume J, Schlaier J, Rothenfußer E, et al. Intraoperative clinical testing overestimates the therapeutic window of the permanent DBS electrode in the subthalamic nucleus. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(9):1721-1726.

    PROGRAMMINGSTNSource

  39. Hvingelby V, Khalil F, Massey F, et al. Directional deep brain stimulation electrodes in Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2025;96(2):188-198.

    DIRECTIONAL DBSMETA-ANALYSESPARKINSON DISEASESource

  40. Horn A, Kühn AA. Lead-DBS: a toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localizations and visualizations. Neuroimage. 2015;107:127-135.

    VTACONNECTOMICSSource

  41. Horn A, Li N, Dembek TA, et al. Lead-DBS v2: towards a comprehensive pipeline for deep brain stimulation imaging. Neuroimage. 2019;184:293-316.

    VTACONNECTOMICSSource

  42. Butson CR, Cooper SE, Henderson JM, McIntyre CC. Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Neuroimage. 2007;34(2):661-670.

    VTAPROGRAMMINGSource

  43. Butson CR, McIntyre CC. Current steering to control the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(1):7-15.

    DIRECTIONAL DBSVTAPROGRAMMINGSource

  44. Steigerwald F, Matthies C, Volkmann J. Directional deep brain stimulation. Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(1):100-104.

    DIRECTIONAL DBSPROGRAMMINGSource

  45. Yearley AG, Chua M, Horn A, et al. Deep brain stimulation lead localization variability comparing intraoperative MRI versus postoperative computed tomography. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(5):415-422.

    VTAGUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  46. Mirzadeh Z, Chapple K, Lambert M, et al. Validation of CT-MRI fusion for intraoperative assessment of stereotactic accuracy in DBS surgery. Mov Disord. 2014;29(14):1788-1795.

    GUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  47. Volkmann J, Moro E, Pahwa R. Basic algorithms for the programming of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(Suppl 14):S284-S289.

    PROGRAMMINGPARKINSON DISEASEGUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  48. Moro E, Esselink RJA, Xie J, Hommel M, Benabid AL, Pollak P. The impact on Parkinson's disease of electrical parameter settings in STN stimulation. Neurology. 2002;59(5):706-713.

    PROGRAMMINGSTNPARKINSON DISEASESource

  49. Picillo M, Lozano AM, Kou N, Puppi Munhoz R, Fasano A. Programming deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: the Toronto Western Hospital algorithms. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(3):425-437.

    PROGRAMMINGPARKINSON DISEASESTNGPiSource

  50. Picillo M, Lozano AM, Kou N, Munhoz RP, Fasano A. Programming deep brain stimulation for tremor and dystonia: the Toronto Western Hospital algorithms. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(3):438-452.

    PROGRAMMINGTREMORDYSTONIAVIMSource

  51. Koeglsperger T, Palleis C, Hell F, Mehrkens JH, Bötzel K. Deep brain stimulation programming for movement disorders: current concepts and evidence-based strategies. Front Neurol. 2019;10:410.

    PROGRAMMINGGUIDELINES / CONSENSUSSource

  52. Pollo C, Kaelin-Lang A, Oertel MF, et al. Directional deep brain stimulation: an intraoperative double-blind pilot study. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 7):2015-2026.

    DIRECTIONAL DBSPROGRAMMINGSource

  53. Horn A, Reich M, Vorwerk J, et al. Connectivity predicts deep brain stimulation outcome in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(1):67-78.

    CONNECTOMICSPARKINSON DISEASESource

  54. Connectomic deep brain stimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2025. PMID 40903613.

    CONNECTOMICSTRACTOGRAPHYSource

  55. Oehrn CR, Cernera S, Hammer LH, et al. Chronic adaptive deep brain stimulation versus conventional stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a blinded randomized feasibility trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(11):3345-3356.

    ADAPTIVE DBSSENSINGPARKINSON DISEASESource

  56. Rasiah NP, Maheshwary R, Kwon CS, Bloomstein JD, Girgis F. Complications of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease and relationship between microelectrode tracks and hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2022;167:e363-e377.

    Large pooled complication analysis (21,261 patients) cited on original slide 41. Rates vary by study definition, era, target and population.

    COMPLICATIONSMETA-ANALYSESPARKINSON DISEASESource

  57. Zrinzo L, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Hariz MI. Reducing hemorrhagic complications in functional neurosurgery: a large case series and systematic literature review. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(1):84-94.

    Systematic review across 13,056 patients cited on original slide 42; symptomatic definitions differ across studies.

    COMPLICATIONSMETA-ANALYSESSource

  58. Fenoy AJ, Simpson RK Jr. Risks of common complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: management and avoidance. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(1):132-139.

    COMPLICATIONSSource

  59. Paschen S, Forstenpointner J, Becktepe J, et al. Long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: an observer-blinded study. Neurology. 2019;92(12):e1378-e1386.

    Observer-blinded long-term study underlying the 2019 entry on original slide 47. Long-term tremor outcome requires longitudinal interpretation; habituation is not universal.

    TREMORVIMLANDMARK RCTsSource

  60. Barbe MT, Reker P, Hamacher S, et al. DBS of the PSA and the VIM in essential tremor: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Neurology. 2018;91(6):e543-e550.

    Small randomized crossover trial comparing PSA and VIM contacts within the same patients.

    TREMORVIMPSA / DRTTLANDMARK RCTsSource

  61. Sun X, Shen R, Lin Z, et al. Optimizing deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: a randomized controlled trial for target consideration. Neurosurgery. 2024;95(1):63-75.

    Randomized comparison of VIM and PSA stimulation informing the 2024 entry on original slide 47. Evidence base remains smaller than for VIM.

    TREMORVIMPSA / DRTTLANDMARK RCTsSource